F(A,B,C,D) = Σm(2,3,7,9,11,13) — Quine–McCluskey

core5 prime implicants, 3 essential, 2 minimal covers

Answer

A′ · B′ · C + A′ · C · D + B′ · C · D + A · C′ · D | A′ · B′ · C + A′ · C · D + A · B′ · D + A · C′ · D

Note:

2 equally minimal forms exist, all of the same cost: A′ · B′ · C + A′ · C · D + B′ · C · D + A · C′ · D | A′ · B′ · C + A′ · C · D + A · B′ · D + A · C′ · D.

Why this example is worth doing

After the essential prime implicants are pulled out, this chart still has rows left, and it reduces by dominance: a row that covers a superset of another row's remaining columns at no greater cost makes the dominated row unnecessary. The page is careful about which kind of dominance is applied where. Row dominance is always safe; column dominance is safe for finding one minimum but provably discards alternative optima, so it is used in the narrative walkthrough and excluded from the enumeration that reports how many minimal covers exist.

Try your own input in the Quine–McCluskey solver. Minimise past the K-map limit with the full tabular method and Petrick’s step.

How the answer is reached

Quine–McCluskey

Prime implicants — Quine–McCluskey
#Term
1A′ · B′ · C
2A′ · C · D
3B′ · C · D
4A · B′ · D
5A · C′ · D
Every minimum cover — Quine–McCluskey
#Cover
1A′ · B′ · C + A′ · C · D + B′ · C · D + A · C′ · D
2A′ · B′ · C + A′ · C · D + A · B′ · D + A · C′ · D
Warning:

4 term(s), 12 literal(s); 3 essential prime implicant(s).

Truth table

Truth table — columns #, A, B, C, D, F
#ABCDF
000000
100010
200101
300111
401000
501010
601100
701111
810000
910011
1010100
1110111
1211000
1311011
1411100
1511110

Compare with

Open this example in the Quine–McCluskey solver

The field arrives filled in with this example’s input.

Note:

Notation this page assumes

  • Symbols: · is AND, + is OR, ⊕ is XOR, a prime or an overline is NOT. The field also takes ∧ ∨ ¬ ~ ! & | and the words.
  • Operator precedence, tightest first: NOT, then AND (including juxtaposition), then XOR/XNOR, then NAND/NOR, then OR, then IMPLIES, then IFF.
  • In a minterm index the first variable is the most significant bit, so over [A, B, C] minterm 5 is A·B̄·C.

Sources

  • Quine, “The Problem of Simplifying Truth Functions” (1952)
  • McCluskey, “Minimization of Boolean Functions” (1956)
  • Petrick, “A Direct Determination of the Irredundant Forms” (1956)